What is The Difference Between Migration and Immigration?

Migration and immigration, have the same primary meanings i.e., movement of people or relocation from one place to another. The difference between Immigration and migration is permanent and the latter is done temporarily.

In this article, let us deep dive and understand the difference between migration and immigration, the reasons for immigration, emigration's effects, and more.

Migration and Immigration Meaning

Migration is when people move from one place to another. It can be within the same country or in a different country. For example, if a family moves from a small town to a big city, that is migration. People migrate for many reasons, like finding a better job, going to a new school, or living in a nicer place.

On the other hand, Immigration is when people move to a different country to live there permanently. For example, if a family moves from India to Canada to start a new life, that is immigration. Immigrants often move to find better opportunities, like good jobs or safe neighborhoods.

The table below helps us identify and understand the nuances among the terms.

Migration and Immigration Difference: Detailed Overview

Now that we have been able to figure out what exactly is migration and immigration, let us further discuss the terms migrant and immigrant and what is the difference between migrant and immigrant with the help of a table

Migrant vs Immigrant

As we identified above, immigration is a segment of migration, so it is feasible to say that a migrant can be termed an immigrant, but vice versa is not the case. Moreover, migrants include both emigrants and immigrants.

Migrant

A migrant is termed as an individual who leaves their home and relocates from one place to another out of willingness. He/she is purposefully on the move in search of a better life but is free to return back to their origins when they please (temporary movement).

Migrants include people who are –

1. Migrating internally, from one region to another within the borders of their residing country
2. Move from their country of birth to a different country or country.

Immigrant

An immigrant is a person who leaves their country of origin and enters another country legally, where they are allowed to work without restrictions and are granted to settle down permanently. Immigration is also an act out of willingness same as migration.

The reasons for wanting to settle down in a new country can be many, a few of the major reasons being economic prosperity, better quality education, prosperity, to being reunited with family.

Categories of Immigrants

The categories of immigrants include the following

1. Permanent Residency

Permanent residents are legal residents, not yet citizens of their new country. To apply for citizenship, an individual needs to have a PR (acquired through the job, family relationship, or other channels). The PR status does not have an expiry; as a result, not many holders go for Naturalization. For example, Immigration to Canada are Canadian Permanent Residents, Green card holders in the USA.

2. Naturalized Citizen

The individuals who after a certain period of time as PR, can apply for Naturalization and acquire the responsibilities and benefits of citizenship in the country. Few countries like the USA and Canada, Mexico have the feasibility to maintain their birth citizenship, but countries like China strictly prohibit dual citizenship.

Also Read: All About Canadian Citizenship for Indians

3. Twilight Statuses

Twilight or liminal legal statuses protect the people who otherwise are unauthorized immigrants from deportation, allowing them to work for a temporary period. For eligibility, the person needs to meet the criteria requirements, like being present in the country since a given date or certain time and having a criminal record that is just a minor one. These as well include asylum seekers who get authorized to work with still pending application processes.

4. Unauthorized Immigrants

Also called irregular, undocumented, illegal, or clandestine, unauthorized immigrants are the people who are unlawfully present in the country, be it they had an illegal entry or overstayed a visa.

Now that we have a clear idea about the difference between migration and immigration and their nuances, moving further, let us understand what emigration is and what is the difference between emigration and immigration.

Migration and immigration both have been the terms which we would be known concerning the new country, while emigration is more about our reference to the departing country.

Check this article on Understanding the Difference Between PR Visa and Work Permit

Difference Between Emigration and Immigration

Emigration refers to leaving one country from another voluntarily for different reasons like political, economic, personal, or any other. In case, of forced emigration, it is known as deportation.

Both the terms emigration and immigration are derived from Latin, while emigration is derived from “emigro” meaning ‘move out’, immigration is derived from the word “immigro” meaning ‘move in’.

Emigrant vs. Immigrant

There is not much difference between emigrant and immigrant and the interesting point to note here is that both the terms can be used for the same person. However, the major differentiating factor is the act of moving, i.e., in or out. So, what is an emigrant vs. immigrant?

An emigrant is a person who moves out of the country and an immigrant is a person who moves in to settle down in the country.

Let us try to understand this using an example: if a person is moving from country A to country B for whichever reason, then to the fellow citizen of country A, the person will be an emigrant, and for the citizens of country B, he will be an immigrant.

Effects of Emigration

When a person ‘move out’ of a country to ‘move in’ to another, he surely creates an impact in either of the countries. Depending on the factors, these effects can be termed positive or negative. Some of them are mentioned below:

1. Employment

The employment rate factor can be termed positive and negative both, but with respect to whom we refer it to. Like it’s not an unknown fact that the number of people available for jobs is way higher compared to the jobs available in the market. So, when a person emigrates from a country, this creates space for the opportunity for others who would rather be filled by the former or reduced competition. But in the case of skilled or intelligent people, the origin country faces a loss of their credentials because their ideas, insights, and potential will be utilized to flourish in the other(destination) country.

2. Wages

Emigration hugely affects the wage system in the country. If the case is of shortage of labor or workforce, it results in high wages, but if the market is oversaturated, the wages remain the same irrespective of the potential available. This situation is very different for emigrants and immigrants, as, with the arrival of immigrants, the local citizens may face the negative effects of wages as a result of an increasing pool of available employees.

3. Taxes

Since an emigrant subsequently won’t be paying taxes to their country, this would intern affect the support and resources received. As a result, generally, people pay more taxes compared to their usage. Realizing this, the system of the country is failing to lure the emigrants with access to benefits (which they potentially might lose) and this, in turn, dramatically impacts or suffers the country’s economy(budget).

4. Population

In countries suffering from overpopulation, emigrants are a blessing as departure results in better availability of resources. But if the situation is the opposite, like already less population emigration, it has a significant effect (in a destructive manner) on the country.

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Immigration, emigration, and migration all terms depict the picture of moving or relocating by an individual. The terms, however, hold their classifications which define where the individual or individuals are categorized. For the most part, developed countries generally become the immigration destination.

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